Gender related barriers and effectiveness of interventions to enhance women participation in agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado county, Kenya

Abstract

Increasing women's participation in agricultural cooperatives is essential for promoting rural development in developing nations. However, women in regions such as Kajiado County, Kenya, encounter numerous barriers that limit their active involvement in these cooperatives. Despite their pivotal role in agricultural productivity, women's participation remains low due to cultural, social, and economic challenges. The purpose of this study was to identify the gender-specific barriers hindering women’s participation in agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado County and to assess the interventions that can enhance their engagement. The objectives of the study were: To assess the level of women's participation in agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado County; To evaluate gender-related barriers to women’s participation in agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado County; and to assess the effectiveness of interventions to enhance women participation in agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado County. A thorough literature review informed the analysis, which drew on theoretical frameworks such as social capital theory, intersectionality, and leadership theories. The study employed a cross-sectional design, targeting women involved with agricultural cooperatives, cooperative leaders, and officials. Questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Findings revealed that women’s participation is constrained by economic limitations, such as restricted access to credit and resources; socio-cultural norms that undermine their roles in cooperative decision-making; and institutional barriers, including gender-insensitive cooperative by-laws. Although interventions like gender quotas and awareness programs have had positive impacts, their success is often hindered by entrenched structural and cultural issues. The study concludes that promoting women's participation in agricultural cooperatives requires a holistic approach addressing both systemic and cultural barriers. Policy implications include implementing gender-sensitive policies, promoting women’s leadership opportunities within cooperatives, and fostering inclusive environments that challenge traditional norms. These measures are essential for achieving equitable participation and unlocking the potential of agricultural cooperatives as drivers of rural development.