Abstract:
Parenting requires more than child conception and birth, it needs behavior development individually and working together to influence the child physical, social, emotional and cognitive outcome. Increased change in family structure and pattern in Kenya and other countries across the world affects the child’s wellbeing. Kaptembwa area is characterized by high poverty rates and limited economic opportunities, presents significant challenges for single-parent households in meeting their children's basic needs and ensuring positive developmental outcomes. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research explored how income levels influence parenting practices, access to education, emotional support, and overall child well-being. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from 121 respondents. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and Key Informants interviews to single parents, educators, and community leaders. Findings reveal that low income severely limits parental capacity to provide adequate nutrition, education, healthcare, and emotional support, often resulting in compromised parenting and adverse effects on children’s academic performance and social behavior. The study underscores the need for targeted economic empowerment programs, improved access to social services, and community-based support systems to alleviate the pressures on single parents. Recommendations are offered to inform policy and intervention strategies aimed at improving the livelihoods of single-parent families in resource-constrained urban settings.
